James Madison, a former Delegate to the Constitutional Convention from the Commonwealth of Virginia, using the pseudonym “Publius,” publishes “Federalist #47,” assuring that the separation of powers in the proposed Constitution for the united States is sufficient to protect against Federal tyranny.  In paragraphs two  and three he writes,

       The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, In the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.  Were the federal Constitution, therefore, really chargeable with the accumulation of power, or with a mixture of powers, having a dangerous tendency to such an accumulation, no further arguments would be necessary to inspire a universal reprobation of the system. … [T]he preservation of liberty requires that the three great department of power should be separate and distinct.

… Were the federal Constitution, therefore, really chargeable with the accumulation of power, or with a mixture of powers, having a dangerous tendency to such an accumulation, no further arguments would be necessary to inspire a universal reprobation of [our] system. … The preservation of liberty requires that the three great department of power should be separate and distinct.

       NOTE: Although students in government-run public schools are told of the three branches of government acting as checks upon each other, they are not told of other constitutional checks and balances that have been obliterated:

• The check within the executive, by having the President and Vice-President representing two different factions has been removed by Article XII of Amendment;
• The Trial Jury’s check upon the power of the executive, judicial and legislative branches has been unlawfully usurped by the Supreme Court in Sparf v. United states;
• The balance between representation and taxation in the House of Representatives has been unlawfully usurped through the fraudulent 16th amendment;
• The ability of the States to check the passions of WE THE PEOPLE—through their election of Senators—has been unlawfully usurped through the fraudulent 17th amendment.

        [added 12/7/2024]