Paul V. McNutt, Esq., de facto United states High Commissioner to the Philippines, turns over his executive authority: to President Manuel Acuna Roxas, a former collaborator during the Japanese occupation. 

       Postscript: As the first president of the independent Philippines, Roxas administered a kleptocracy (government by thieves).  Graft and corruption were among the most rampant in east Asia.  Very little U.s. aid reached its intended beneficiaries.

       NOTES:

• So ended the U.s.’ second attempt at nation building, bringing its total success/failure record to (successes, 0; failures, 8).
• While “nation-building is a laudable goal, Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution for the united States says that “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government”; it does NOT state that “The United States shall guarantee to every nation on this planet a Republican Form of Government” [emphasis added].

        [added 5/16/2025]