The Seventh Confederation Congress defeats a motion of censure against the Constitutional Convention for having exceeded its mandate by recommending the Articles of Confederation be scrapped.  Instead Congress proposes the Constitution for the united States for ratification by State ratifying conventions; any nine of the 13 will put the Constitution into force.

       [restored 9/26/2021]

       Delegate Tench Coxe, of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, using the pseudonym “An American Citizen” writes a pro-federalist essay seeking to lend assurances that the President and the Senate will NOT tend toward plutocracy.  In paragraphs one, two, three, nine and ten he writes,

       We have seen that the late Honorable Convention, in designating the nature of the chief executive office of the United States, have deprived it of all the dangerous appendages of royalty, and provided for the frequent expiration of its limited powers.  As our President bears no resemblance to a king, so we shall see the Senate have no similitude to nobles.

       First then not being hereditary, their collective knowledge, wisdom and virtue are not precarious, for by these qualities alone are they to obtain their offices; and they will have none of the peculiar follies and vices of those men who possess power merely because their fathers held it before them, for they will be educated (under equal advantages and with equal prospects) among and on a footing with the other sons of a free people. … As the Senators are still to be elected by the legislatures of the states, there can be no doubt of equal safety and propriety in their future appointment. …

       They can hold no other office civil or military under the United States, nor can they join in making provisions for themselves, either by creating new places or increasing the emoluments of old ones.  As their sons are not to succeed them, they will not be induced to aim at an increase or perpetuity of their powers, at the expense of the liberties of the people of which those sons will be a part. …

· · · · · · ·

       They will also feel a considerable check from the constitutional powers of the state legislatures, whose rights they will not be disposed to infringe, since they are the bodies to which they owe their existence, and are moreover to remain the immediate guardians of the people.

       And lastly the Senate will feel the mighty check of the House of Representatives—a body so pure in its election, so intimately connected, by its interests and feelings, with the people at large, so guarded against corruption and influence—so much, from its nature, above all apprehensions, that it must ever be able to maintain the high ground assigned to it by the Federal Constitution.

              [added 7/18/2026]